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A sign produces meaning through a learned relationship between form, reference, and interpretation.
Semiotics examines how images, gestures, sounds, and words operate as signs. Their meaning is not contained in appearance alone but emerges through codes and contexts.
A sign may resemble what it represents, point toward it through a physical connection, or depend entirely on convention. Interpretation is therefore social and unstable: the same mark can communicate authority, danger, belonging, or nothing at all across different settings.
Meaning can be created between images rather than contained inside either one.
Montage assembles separate shots into a new sequence. Their collision can compress time, build an argument, or generate an idea that no individual image states alone.
Order changes interpretation. A face followed by food, a coffin, or a child appears to express a different emotion even when the first shot remains identical. The cut becomes a productive interval rather than a simple transition.
A city can be read through the moods, habits, and detours it produces.
Psychogeography explores how built environments shape emotion and behavior. It favors subjective movement through urban space over routes dictated only by efficiency.
Streets are treated as forces rather than neutral containers. A façade may attract, an intersection may repel, and a familiar district may become strange when entered without a destination. Mapping these reactions reveals a city different from its official plan.
An image may remain present for a moment after the stimulus itself has disappeared.
Visual persistence includes afterimages and brief forms of sensory memory. It is often invoked in accounts of cinema, although apparent motion depends on more than a picture lingering on the retina.
Sequential images do not become movement through a single mechanism. Flicker fusion, stroboscopic effects, visual memory, and interpretation all contribute to continuity. The eye records changes, but perception constructs the event that seems to connect them.
